谢谢鼓励.既然开始了,我会把它完成.尽管不容易.

The grafted trees were produced as follows. In August 1995, scions were cut from four different three-year-old grafted ramets in a clonal orchard, and grafted onto six-month-old, potted seedling rootstocks. At the time of cutting the scions, none of the ramets had previously produced flower buds. The rootstocks were grown from South African open-pollinated orchard seed of mixed provenance background. The above four ramets were originally produced by grafting scions from six year old ‘plus’ trees of the same families (and provenances) as the seedlings (Table 1). Seedling trees and grafted trees of the same families therefore were half-siblings. Hence, each of the four ‘seedling’ treatments consisted of many genotypes, whereas each of the four ‘graft’ treatments consisted of only one genotype.
嫁接树产生如下：1995年8月，从无性系林中四个不同的三年生嫁接分株上切得接穗，嫁接到六月生盆栽秧苗的砧木上。在切取接穗时，任何一个分株此前都没有萌发过花芽。砧木是由来自南非自由授粉得到的有种源混交背景的种子生长得来。上述的四个分株最初是通过从六年生同一家系（及种源）的实生（表1）优株上切取接穗嫁接得到。因此，同一家族的实生树和嫁接树是半亲。所以，四个“实生”的试验对象之中每一个都由多个基因型组成，而“嫁接”的每一个都只由一个基因型组成。

Environmental conditions
To test the effect of winter chilling on floral bud production in E. nitens, a gradient in chilling was created by selecting trial sites at four separate localities based on altitude and latitude (Table 2). However, sites varied only slightly in daylength, with a maximum of 27min difference in daylength between sites at the shortest day (21st June) and a maximum of 5min difference in daylength between sites at the longest day (30th September) of the cold accumulation period (Schulze 1997). Mean annual temperature (MAT) of the warmest site, Gowan Brae (15.2°C), was below the upper threshold for optimum commercial planting of E. nitens in South Africa (16.0°C), whereas that for the coldest site, Tentkop (12.6°C), was well below the lower threshold (14.0°C) (Swain and Gardner 2003) (Table 2). The other two sites were Mossbank (MAT 14.0°C) and Blyfstaanhoogte (MAT 13.2°C). Although the altitude of Blyfstaanhoogte and Tentkop were similar (1995 and 1920 metres amsl, respectively), the latter was a colder site as it was located further south (Table 2). All sites were similar in aspect (SEto SW-facing) and exposure (mid-slope), and prone to light to moderate frosts in winter. Although the sites were all located in the summer rainfall area where rainfall distribution has a distinct summer maximum, drought conditions were highly unlikely to occur at these sites as MAP was high (>950mm), summer mists frequent and soils deep (>1.0m). Therefore, daylength as well as drought as floral induction stimuli, as reported for a number of woody angiosperms (Meilan 1997) including certain eucalypts (Moncur and Boland 2000), could be excluded.
2 环境条件
为了就冬季低温对亮果桉花芽萌发的影响进行试验，根据所在的经度纬度挑选出来四个不同地点的试验林址营造出一个低温梯度（表2）。不过，在昼长方面，林址之间略有区别。在低温累积时期内，昼长最短的一天（六月21日）林址间最大昼长差值为27 min；昼长最长的一天（九月30日）林址间最大昼长差值为5 min(Schulze 1997)。Gowan Brae (15.2°C)是最温暖的林址，年平均温度(MAT)低于南非亮果桉最佳经济种植的上阀值(16.0°C)；而最寒冷的林址在Tentkop (12.6°C)，低于下阀值(14.0°C) (Swain and Gardner 2003) (表 2)。另外两个林址分别是Mossbank (MAT 14.0°C) 和 Blyfstaanhoogte (MAT 13.2°C)。尽管Blyfstaanhoogte和Tentkop有着相近的海拔高度（分别是平均海拔1995米和1920米），后者因为更往南而较寒冷（表2）。所有的林址在朝向方面相近（东南向到西南向），在裸露程度上相似（中坡度），在冬季都易受低到中等霜冻。尽管这些林址都处在夏季降雨地区，最大夏季降雨量截然不同，干旱情况在这些地方却极不容易发生，归因于高的年平均降水量(>950mm)、频繁的夏雾和深厚的土壤(>1.0m)。因此，正如报告所称，许多木本被子植物(Meilan 1997)，包括特定的桉树(Moncur and Boland 2000)，可以排除昼长和干旱胁迫作为花芽诱因的情况。
(to be continued)

Paclobutrazol treatment
A suspension of Cultar® (formulation 250g.l–1 paclobutrazol; ICI Agrochemicals) was applied as a soil drench during early April 1998 at a rate of 0.25g a.i. per cm b.s.c.. Method and timing were based on treatments reportedly successful in inducing flowering in E. nitens and E. globulus (Griffin et al. 1992, Moncur et al. 1994b). B.s.c. represented the circumference at the narrowest point along the stem between graft union (in the case of grafts) or root collar (in the case of seedlings) and first primary lateral (branch). The paclobutrazol dose for each tree was dispersed in 2 litres of water and applied evenly to the soil surface in a 1.0m radius around the base of each tree.
3 多效唑处理
1998年4月初，以土壤灌溉方式施用Cultar®悬液(配方 250g.l–1 多效唑；ICI 农药)，比率0.25g a.i./ cm b.s.c.。方法和时机的根据是据称成功诱发了亮果桉和蓝桉开花的处理方法(Griffin et al. 1992, Moncur et al. 1994b) 。b.s.c.表示的是结合区（用于嫁接方式）或地径（用于实生方式）与第一原生侧枝之间沿主茎上的最近点的胸径。每棵树的多效唑剂量用2升水冲散，在树的基部1米半径范围的土壤表面均匀施用。
(to be continued)

Trial layout
At each trial site a split plot design experiment was laid out. Each experiment consisted of two whole-plots (0.0g and 0.25g paclobutrazol/cm b.s.c.) which were further divided into 24 sub-plots. The sub-plots each consisted of five trees, and were randomly assigned to different combinations of ‘propagule’ x ‘family’. Trees were spaced 3.0m x 3.0m apart. The necessary buffer rows were incorporated around each trial. Details of the allocation of treatments to sub-plots are given in Table 3.
4 试验规划
裂区设计的试验在每一个试验林址展开。每一个实验由2个整区组成(0.0g 和 0.25g 多效唑/cm b.s.c.)，它们再细分为24个子区。每一个子区由5棵树组成，并随机地指定给不同的“繁殖体” X “家系” 组合，树距3.0m x 3.0m。必要的缓冲行结合种植在试验田周围。表3给出了在处理方面的子区分配细节。

Data collection
5 数据收集

Tree growth measurements
Tree height was measured once annually in April from 1998
to 2001.
1）树木生长的测量
从1988年4月到2001年，每年测量一次树高。

Floral assessments
In South Africa, Jones and van Staden (2001) found that at a cool, medium altitude (MAT 16.7°C, 1 100 a.m.s.l.) site in the KZN Midlands, newly emerged inflorescences first become visible to the naked eye in early November, while anthesis commences only four months later in March (Jones and van Staden 2001). Personal experience has shown that in late flowering genotypes at very cold sites, newly emerged umbels may first become visible only in early January. However, in the months immediately following this emergence, development and swelling of the individual flower buds in the umbels progresses rapidly as a result of the warm summer conditions (Moncur et al. 1994a), even though anthesis eventually only commences in October. Therefore, the presence of umbels was evaluated during April each year between 1998 and 2001. At this time, the majority of involucral bracts were shed, leaving the individual buds in the umbels exposed. Individual tree umbel crop size scores were allocated as follows: 0 = no umbels; 1 = very light crop, 25% or less of the secondary laterals* bearing one or more umbels (*secondary laterals were defined as branches  originating from the primary stem/s); 2 = light crop, >25%–50% of secondary laterals bearing one or more umbels; 3 = moderate crop, >50%–75% of secondary laterals bearing one or more umbels; 4 = heavy crop, >75%–100% of secondary laterals bearing one or more umbels.
Because it was logistically impossible to assess the crop size of each individual tree in all trials at five years after planting – due to the height of the trees (Table 7) – only two out of three replicates were assessed for this variate (‘CROP_2001’) (refer to Table 4 for a description of the latter variate).
2）花芽评估
在南非中纬度(MAT 16.7°C, 1 100 a.m.s.l.) KZN Midlands的一个冷凉林址，Jones 和van Staden 发现，新出现的花序在11月初首次能通过肉眼看到，而花的开始出现则在4个月以后的3月份(Jones and van Staden 2001)。根据个人经验，在寒冷林址，晚开花的基因型要到1月初才开始看得到新的伞状花序出现。然而，在此现象之后紧接着的几个月里，温暖的夏季气候条件使得花芽个体生长和膨胀进展迅速(Moncur et al. 1994a)，尽管开花最终才在10月开始。因此，对伞状花序的出现作出评估是在1998年到2001年的每年4月间进行。此时，大部分的总苞苞片剥落，导致伞状花序上的花蕾暴露。树木个体的伞状花序产量大小如下列分值所示：0=无伞状花序；1=甚轻度产量，≦25%的第二侧枝*生长出一个或一个以上的伞状花序（*第二侧枝的定义为：从主干生长出来的枝条）；2=轻度产量，>25%–50%的第二侧枝生长出一个或一个以上的伞状花序；3=中度产量，>50%–75%的第二侧枝生长出一个或一个以上的伞状花序；4=高度产量，75%–100%的第二侧枝生长出一个或一个以上的伞状花序。
由于树高（表7）的原因，从逻辑上讲，在种植5年后对所有试验田的每一树木个体的花序产量大小进行评估是不可能的，[因此只有3分之2的replicate得到评估，形成变量(‘CROP_2001’) (表4提供对后变量的描述)。]
(to be continued)
*[ ]内句子待专业指导

Temperature measurements
Hourly temperature measurements were recorded in the trials during the winter months (April to September) each year. At altitudes above 1300m in the summer rainfall area, winter chill units begin accumulating in May, but at very cold sites in particularly cold years, chill unit accumulation can begin as early as April (Linsley-Noakes 1995, Schulze 1997).
3）温度测量
每年的冬季月份(4月到9月)期间，记录试验田的每小时温度。在海拔高度高于1300米的夏季降雨地区，从5月开始累计冬季低温当量，但是对处在特别寒冷年份的甚冷林址，可以从4月就开始累计(Linsley-Noakes 1995, Schulze 1997)。

Table 2: Site conditions for the Eucalyptus nitens field trials
Trial name Gowan Brae Mossbank Blyfstaanhoogte Tentkop
Planting date 21/02/1996 07/02/1996 26/04/1996 06/03/1996
Latitude 29° 37’22”S 29°49’08”S 25°10’03”S 30°48’30”S
Longitude 30°08’ 52” E 29°42’20”E 30°36’40”E 28°15’35”E
Altitude (metres amsl*) 1 465 1 680 1 995 1 920
Mean annual precipitation (mm)** 990 1 105 1 198 963
Mean monthly max (hottest month) (°C)** 24.7 22.8 22.4 23.6
Mean monthly min (coldest month) (°C)** 3.6 1.9 3.6 1.3
Mean annual temperature (°C)# 15.2 14.0 13.2 12.6
Soils
Dolerite/ Shale Dolerite/ Shale Dolerite/ Shale Dolerite
Taxonomy*** Humic Ferralsol Humic Ferralsol Humic Ferralsol Humic Ferralsol
Parent material Dolerite/ shale Dolerite/ shale Dolerite/ shale Dolerite
Depth (m) >1.2 1.2 1.0 >1.2
* amsl, above mean sea level
** long-term mean (Schulze 1997)
*** (FAO-UNESCO 1974)
# six-year mean for the period 1996 to 2001
表2: 亮果桉试验田林址条件
试验田名称 Gowan Brae Mossbank Blyfstaanhoogte Tentkop
种植日期21/02/1996 07/02/1996 26/04/1996 06/03/1996
纬度 29° 37’22”S 29°49’08”S 25°10’03”S 30°48’30”S
经度 30°08’ 52” E 29°42’20”E 30°36’40”E 28°15’35”E
海拔 (米 平均海拔*) 1 465 1 680 1 995 1 920
年平均降水量 (mm)** 990 1 105 1 198 963
最大月平均 (最热) (°C)** 24.7 22.8 22.4 23.6
最小月平均 (最冷) (°C)** 3.6 1.9 3.6 1.3
年平均温度 (°C)# 15.2 14.0 13.2 12.6
土壤
Dolerite/ Shale Dolerite/ Shale Dolerite/ Shale Dolerite
分类*** Humic Ferralsol Humic Ferralsol Humic Ferralsol Humic Ferralsol
亲本材料 Dolerite/ shale Dolerite/ shale Dolerite/ shale Dolerite
深度 (m) >1.2 1.2 1.0 >1.2
* amsl, 平均海拔
** 长期平均值 (Schulze 1997)
*** (联合国粮农组织-联合国教科文组织 1974)
# 1996 至 2001六年平均值

[ 此贴被milktea在2007-07-16 18:32重新编辑 ]

Calculation of chill units
6 低温当量的计算

In general, the three chill models tested, namely the Utah Model (Richardson et al. 1974, Seeley 1996), Dynamic Model (Fishman et al. 1987a and b) and Daily Positive Utah Chill Unit Model (Linsley-Noakes et al. 1994), assign premium chilling values to temperatures within a relatively narrow range, i.e. between about 1.5 and 10°C. However, they differ regarding the assignment of chilling values to temperatures within the chill-effective range.
接受测试的三个模型——Utah 模型(Richardson et al. 1974, Seeley 1996), Dynamic 模型(Fishman et al. 1987a and b) 和Daily Positive Utah Chill Unit 模型(Linsley-Noakes et al. 1994)——大体上地将premium低温值赋给温度，温度的范围比较狭窄，比如介乎于1.5°C和10°C之间。然而，在将低温值赋给有效低温温幅内温度方面，他们互不相同。
The Utah Model assigns one chill unit (Utah Chill Unit (CU)) for every hour when temperatures are between 2.5 and 9.1°C, half a unit for every hour between 1.5 and 2.4 or between 9.2 and12.4°C, and zero units for every hour where temperatures are below 1.4 or between 12.5 and 15.9°C. Negative chill units are assigned to temperatures 16.0°C (Seeley 1996). The model has been used to accurately predict budbreak of temperate fruit crops in temperate zones, but is known to give inaccurate winter chilling estimations in areas experiencing mild winters (Linsley-Noakes and Allan 1994, Allan and Burnett 1995).
当温度介乎于2.5°C到9.1°C之间，Utah模型按一小时一个低温当量(Utah Chill Unit (CU))赋值；在1.5°C到2.4°C之间或者在9.2°C到12.4°C之间，一小时半个低温当量；当温度低于1.4°C或在12.5°C到15.9°C之间，一小时零个低温当量。及至温度到了16.0°C，低温当量取负值(Seeley 1996)。我们知道，Utah模型已经老于温带水果作物萌芽的精确预计，但对于正处在暖冬的区域而言，它作出的低温评价是不准确的。

In the Dynamic Model, chilling is accumulated in certain portions. Once a distinct amount of chilling has occurred, this portion is ‘fixed’ and counts towards the chilling requirement, even when warm temperatures prevail thereafter. Therefore, chilling accumulation depends on the timing of exposure to temperatures in a cycle. This complex model not only takes into account the negating effect of high day temperatures, but also recognises the positive effect of moderate temperatures in the chilling cycle. Although one Chilling Portion (CP) is accumulated fastest at temperatures between 6.0 and 8.0°C, moderate day temperatures (13.0 to 15.0°C) enhance the chilling effect of temperatures in the optimum range (Fishman et al. 1987a and b, Erez et al. 1990). The model assigns negative chill units to temperatures 20°C, although the degree of chilling negation decreases with the cycle length. The model has proven to be equally accurate for areas with mild as well as cold winter climates (Linsley-Noakes and Allan 1994, Allan et al. 1995).
对于Dynamic模型，低温的累积是按一定比例进行的。一旦一定量的低温发生了，即使过后气温温和，这一部分也会被“固定”住，需冷量将其计算在内。因此，在一个周期内，低温累积由周围温度变化的时机来决定。本模型复杂之处，不仅把高的日温度的负效应考虑在内，还把低温周期内中等温度的正效应考虑在内。尽管一个冷量份 (CP)在6.0°C至8.0°C之间累积得最快，中等的日温度(13.0°C ~ 15.0°C)却加强了最适宜范围内温度的低温效应(Fishman et al. 1987a and b, Erez et al. 1990)。虽然低温否定的程度随着周期推进减弱，模型还是把负值低温当量赋给>=20°C的温度。经证实，Dynamic模型对暖冬和冷冬地区具有同等的准确度。

The Daily Positive Utah Chill Unit Model, a modification of the Utah Model, uses features of the Dynamic Model to modify the Utah Model to allow more accurate prediction of winter chilling accumulation in areas with mild winters (Linsley-Noakes et al. 1994). Although the time to form one CP, under favourable temperatures, varies from about 26 to 40h, Linsley-Noakes et al. (1994) proposed that there would be less inaccuracy in assuming that chilling negation by high temperatures is limited to a 24h period. Therefore, the carryover of negative chill units resulting from ‘detrimentally’ high temperatures from one day to the next is deleted.
Daily Positive Utah Chill Unit模型是经过修改的Utah模型。它使用Dynamic模型的特性来对Utah模型进行改动，以便更准确地预计暖冬地区的冬季低温累积(Linsley-Noakes et al. 1994)。尽管在适宜的温度下，形成一个CP的时间在大约26小时和40小时之间变动，Linsley-Noakes et al. (1994)提出，由高温导致的低温否定被限定到24小时，估计不准确度将降低。因此，从某日到次日的“有害”高温导致的负值低温当量不予转移。

Statistical analyses
7统计分析
Statistical analyses were performed to investigate the effect of site, propagule, family and paclobutrazol application on tree height, percentage of trees with umbels, and umbel score per reproductive tree at five years after planting.
进行统计分析是为了研究种植五年后，林址、繁殖体、家系以及施用多效唑对树高、产生伞状花序的树的百分比以及每一生殖植株的伞状花序产量。
Variance components were estimated using the mixed model analysis of variance (Steel and Torrie 1981) utilizing restricted maximum likelihood analyses (Patterson and Thompson 1971, Lane and Payne 1996) in Genstat® for Windows, Release 4.2. Prior to analysis, angular and log10(x+ 1) transformations of the raw data were undertaken for the percentage of trees with umbels (variate ‘TREES_2001’) and umbel score per reproductive tree (variate ‘CROP_2001’), respectively, to normalise the residuals and homogeneity of the error variances (Gomez and Gomez 1984, Steel and Torrie 1981). For the across-site analyses, trees were treated as nested within plots, and plots nested within sites. F-tests, using F-values calculated from computed Wald-statistics, were used to determine which factors and interactions were significant (Lane and Payne 1996).
方差分量的评估使用混合模型方差分析(Steel and Torrie 1981)，运用Windows 版Genstat® 4.2进行约束的极大似然分析(Patterson and Thompson 1971, Lane and Payne 1996)。分析之前，产生伞状花序的树的百分比(变值 ‘TREES_2001’)和每一生殖植株的伞状花序产量(变值 ‘CROP_2001’)的原始数据分别用角度和log10(x+ 1)进行转换，使错误分差的残差和均匀性恢复正常(Gomez and Gomez 1984, Steel and Torrie 1981)。至于林址分析，处理方法是，把树木嵌套于区内，把区嵌套在林址内。F测验使用由计算机Wald-统计计算出来的F值，用来找出哪些因素和相互作用是不容忽视的(Lane and Payne 1996)。
Multiple regression analysis in Genstat® for WindowsTM (McConway et al. 1999) was used to determine the relationship between accumulated winter chilling (‘CHILL’) and the percentage of trees with umbels (TREES_2001), and between CHILL and umbel score per tree (CROP_2001). Residual plots were performed in Genstat® for WindowsTM according to the procedures described by McConway et al. (1999), whereby the necessary checks were made to ensure that the assumptions for a valid regression analysis were not violated. A description of all response and explanatory variables used in the regression analyses is presented in Table 4. The variate ‘CHILL’ consisted of chill units for the 2000 winter (winter preceding 2001 umbel crop assessment) calculated using different chill model x chill period combinations (Table 4). Separate multiple linear regressions were carried out for seedlings and grafts because it was anticipated that ontogenetical variation may confound the floral productivity results of the former propagule type.
Various regression models were evaluated, but in all cases the linear regression model provided the best fit between explanatory and response variates.
我们通过WindowsTM Genstat®的多元回归分析(McConway et al. 1999)，找出冬季累积低温(‘CHILL’)与产生伞状花序的树的百分比(TREES_2001)之间的关系，以及CHILL与每一生殖植株的伞状花序产量(CROP_2001)之间的关系。根据McConway et al. (1999)所描述的程序，WindowsTM Genstat®展示了残差状况，这是为了确认一个有效回归分析的评估未受破坏而进行必要的检查。表4描述了在回归分析中使用的所有因变量和自变量。变值‘CHILL’由2000年冬季低温当量（2001年上茬冬季伞状花序产量评估）组成，当量的计算使用了不同的低温模型X低温时期组合（见表4）。我们对秧苗和嫁接进行不同的多重线性回归分析，这是因为我们预料本体发育变异会对前繁殖体类型的花芽萌发结果造成混淆。虽然多种回归模型都进行评估，但是总的说来，线性回归模型得到的结果是自变量与因变量之间的最佳匹配。

谢谢Layman 的奖励！
我的帖子题目用的是layman，有“栽赃”嫌疑了，改为outsider好些，呵呵。

Table 3: Details of the allocation of sub-plots to treatments in the four field trials
PBZ (paclobutrazol application)
0.00g paclobutrazol/cm b.s.c. (control) 0.25g paclobutrazol/cm b.s.c.
Propagule Propagule
Family Seedling Graft Seedling Graft
32091 3 (15)* 3 (15)* 3 (15)* 3 (15)*
32097 3 (15) 3 (15) 3 (15) 3 (15)
34838 3 (15) 3 (15) 3 (15) 3 (15)
37255 3 (15) 3 (15) 3 (15) 3 (15)
Total 12 (60) 12 (60) 12 (60) 12 (60)
* in each cell in this column the total number of sub-plots, followed by total number of trees (in parentheses) are given
表3:四场试验中子区的处理分配详情
PBZ(施用多效唑)
                    0.00g多效唑/ cm b.s.c. (对照标准)                0.25g多效唑/ cm b.s.c.
                                        繁殖体                                                          繁殖体
家系                      秧苗            嫁接                                      秧苗            嫁接
32091                  3 (15)*            3 (15)*                                3 (15)*          3 (15)*
32097                  3 (15)              3 (15)                                  3 (15)          3 (15)
34838                  3 (15)              3 (15)                                3 (15)          3 (15)
37255                  3 (15)              3 (15)                                3 (15)          3 (15)
总共                    12 (60)            12 (60)                                12 (60)        12 (60)
*这一栏数据每一项是子区总数，后面跟着的是植株总数，即（）内给出的数字。
Table 4: Description of all response and explanatory variables used in the multiple linear regression analyses
Variate assessed Abbreviation used Description of variate
in text
Response variable (floral response)
Umbel crop load CROP_2001 Umbel crop score per tree transformed to natural logarithmic value
% trees with umbels TREES_2001 Number of trees with one or more umbels in each plot, expressed as a
percentage of the total number of live trees in the plot
Explanatory variable (CHILL) (chill model x chill period combination)
Dynamic Model CP-1 Number of CPs* calculated for the period 01 Apr–30 Sep 2000
Dynamic Model CP-2 Number of CPs calculated for the period 01 May–30 Sep 2000
Utah Chill Model CU-1 Number of CUs¶ calculated for the period 01 Apr–30 Sep 2000
Utah Chill Model CU-2 Number of CUs calculated for the period 01 May–30 Sep 2000
Daily Positive Utah Chill Unit Model DPCU-1 Number of DPCUs# calculated for the period 01 Apr–30 Sep 2000
Daily Positive Utah Chill Unit Model DPCU-2 Number of DPCUs calculated for the period 01 May–30 Sep 2000
Explanatory variable (plant material and paclobutrazol treatments)
Propagule type PROPAGULE 1 = graft; 2 = seedling
Paclobutrazol application PBZ 0 = 0.00 g paclobutrazol per cm basal stem circumference (b.s.c.) (control);
1 = 0.25 g paclobutrazol per cm b.s.c.
*CP, Chilling Portion, the chill unit measured by the Dynamic Model (Erez et al. 1990).
¶CU, Utah Chill Unit: the chill unit measured by the Utah Chill Unit Model (Seeley 1996).
#DPCU, Daily Positive Chill Unit: the chill unit measured by the Daily Positive Utah Chill Unit Model (Linsley-Noakes 1995).
表4:多重线性回归分析使用的因变量和自变量描述
估定变值                              文中所用简称          变值描述
因变量 (花)
伞状花序负载量                  CROP_2001          转换成自然对数值的单棵植株花序产量
有花序的树百分比              TREES_2001        每个子区有一个或以上花序的植株数量，
                                                                                表达为区内全部活立木的百分比
自变量 (CHILL) (低温模型 x 低温时期 组合)
Dynamic 模型                    CP-1                        2000年4月30日-9月30日计算的CPs* 数量
Dynamic 模型                    CP-2                        2000年5月1日-9月30日计算的CPs 数量
Utah Chill 模型                  CU-1                        2000年4月1日-9月30日计算的CUs¶ 数量
Utah Chill 模型                  CU-2                        2000年5月1日-9月30日计算的CUs 数量
Daily Positive Utah Chill Unit 模型  DPCU-1          2000年4月1日-9月30日计算的DPCUs#数量
Daily Positive Utah Chill Unit 模型  DPCU-2          2000年5月1日-9月30日计算的DPCUs 数量自变量 (植物材料和多效唑处理)
繁殖体类型                        PROPAGULE            1 = 嫁接； 2 = 秧苗
施用多效唑                        PBZ                              0 = 0.00 g 多效唑/cm b.s.c. (对照标准);
                                                                                  1 = 0.25 g多效唑/cm b.s.c.
*CP, Chilling Portion, 用Dynamic 模型测量的低温当量 (Erez et al. 1990).
¶CU, Utah Chill Unit: 用Utah Chill Unit 模型测量的低温当量 (Seeley 1996).
#DPCU, Daily Positive Chill Unit: 用 Daily Positive Utah Chill Unit 模型测量的低温当量 (Linsley-Noakes 1995).
译者移注：basal stem circumference， 文中表达为 b.s.c.，基底干周长

Results
三 结论

Winter chilling accumulation
1 冬季低温累积

The highest numbers of chill units in all three years (1998 to 2000) were accumulated during 2000 (floral response year 2001) at all four sites (Table 5). Blyfstaanhoogte accumulated the highest number of chill units of all sites (100.9 CPs/2 032 CUs/2 108 DPCUs), recorded during the period April to September (CP-1; CU-1; DPCU-1). Gowan Brae, Mossbank and Tentkop accumulated the lowest number of chill units during 1999 (floral response year 2000). In this year, Gowan Brae accumulated the lowest number of chill units of all sites and years (42.8 CPs/621 CUs/1 005 DPCUs) (April to September), demonstrating that it is not only the warmest site chosen based on MAT, but also on chill units. On the other hand, the coldest site (Tentkop), with respect to MAT, did not accumulate the highest number of chill units during 1999 and 2000 (floral response years 2000 and 2001), but the second coldest site (Blyfstaanhoogte) did. In all years and at all sites, both Dynamic Model and Daily Positive Utah Chill Unit Model began accumulating chill units in April whereas the Utah Model did not. At Gowan Brae and Mossbank, only the Utah Model showed chill unit negation during April 1998 and 1999 (floral response years 1999 and 2000), whilst at Blyfstaanhoogte the Utah Model only showed chill unit negation during April in 1998 (floral response year 1999).
四个林址在1998年到2000年这三年中，累积的低温当量数目最大的是在2000年间(花应答年份2001)（见表5）。所有林址当中Blyfstaanhoogte累积的低温当量数目最大(100.9 CPs/2 032 CUs/2 108 DPCUs)，数据是在4月到9月期间记录的(CP-1; CU-1; DPCU-1)。Gowan Brae, Mossbank 和 Tentkop在1999年累积的低温当量数目最小(花应答年份 2000)。在这一年里，Gowan Brae累积的低温当量是所有年份所有林址中最小的(42.8 CPs/621 CUs/1 005 DPCUs) (4月到9月)，这显示出，最温暖林址的挑选不单止以年平均温度(MAT)为准，还要以低温当量为准。另一方面，以年平均温度划分的最寒冷林址Tentkop并没有在1999年和2000年间累积到最大数目的低温当量(花应答年份2000 and 2001)，反而是排第二的最寒冷林址Blyfstaanhoogte做到了。综观所有年份和所有林址，Dynamic模型和Daily Positive Utah Chill Unit 模型都在4月就开始累积低温当量了，而Utah模型却没有。在Gowan Brae和Mossbank，只有Utah模型在1998年和1999年的4月间出现负值低温当量(花应答年份1999 and 2000)，而在Blyfstaanhoogte，Utah模型仅在1998年4月间得到负值低温当量(花应答年份1999)。
Table 5: Chill units accumulated during the years 1998, 1999 and 2000 at the four trial sites
Trial    Floral response year              Chill units
Chilling Portions    Utah Chill Units    Daily Positive Utah Chill
(Dynamic Model)    (Utah Chill Model)    Units (DPCU Model)
CP-1*    CP-2¶    CU-1*    CU-2¶      DPCU-1* DPCU-2¶
Gowan Brae 1999    48.6      46.6    750      878      1 096      1 073
2000    42.8    40.8      621      732      1 005    967
2001    59.3    51.7      1 144    1 073      1 342      1 204
Mean    50.2    46.4      838      894      1 148      1 081
Mossbank  1999    60.5    58.5      1 112    1 108    1 310      1 248
2000    55.3    51.3      918      934      1 225      1 142
2001    80.0    70.8      1 604    1 414    1 741      1 531
Mean    65.3    60.2      1 211    1 152    1 425      1 307
Blyfstaanhoogte 1999  72.0    65.0      1 081    1 119    1 366    1 272
2000    96.5    88.4      1 694    1 601    1 840    1 688
2001    100.9    89.1      2 032    1 836    2 108    1 897
Mean    89.8    80.8      1 602    1 519    1 771    1 619
Tentkop    1999    84.5      79.5      1 356      1 314    1 444    1 344
2000    81.5    71.6      1 299      1 193    1 385    1 228
2001    87.8    76.0      1 505      1 261    1 560    1 302
Mean    84.6    75.7      1 387      1 256    1 463    1 291
the chill units presented for each floral response year above were calculated using temperature data of the previous winter
* in this column chill unit totals for the period 01 April to 30 September are presented
¶ in this column chill unit totals for the period 01 May to 30 September are presented
表5: 四个林址在1998年、1999年及2000年累积的低温当量
试验林址          花应答年份                                        低温当量
                                                    Chilling Portions        Utah Chill Units      Daily Positive Utah Chill
                                                    (Dynamic Model)      (Utah Chill Model)  Units (DPCU Model)
                                                    CP-1*      CP-2¶          CU-1*      CU-2¶      DPCU-1*    DPCU-2¶
Gowan Brae          1999              48.6        46.6              750          878          1 096          1 073
                              2000              42.8        40.8              621          732          1 005          967
                              2001              59.3        51.7            1 144      1 073          1 342          1 204
                              平均              50.2          46.4              838          894          1 148          1 081
Mossbank            1999              60.5          58.5            1 112      1 108        1 310          1 248
                              2000            55.3          51.3              918          934          1 225          1 142
                              2001            80.0          70.8            1 604      1 414        1 741          1 531
                            平均                65.3        60.2            1 211      1 152        1 425          1 307
Blyfstaanhoogte  1999              72.0          65.0            1 081      1 119        1 366          1 272
                            2000              96.5        88.4              1 694      1 601        1 840          1 688
                            2001              100.9        89.1            2 032      1 836          2 108          1 897
                            平均                89.8        80.8              1 602      1 519        1 771          1 619
Tentkop              1999              84.5        79.5              1 356      1 314        1 444          1 344
                            2000              81.5        71.6              1 299      1 193          1 385          1 228
                            2001              87.8        76.0              1 505      1 261          1 560          1 302
                            平均                84.6        75.7              1 387      1 256          1 463          1 291
以上每一个花应答年份的低温当量的计算是使用上年温度数据
*这一列低温当量数据是4月1日至9月30日的总和
¶这一列低温当量数据是5月1日至9月30日的总和